Cutthroat trout play key ecological and economic roles in Wyoming. Cutthroat provide food resources for aquatic, terrestrial, and avian predators and support a world-renowned recreational fishery. In many areas, cutthroat trout populations have been declining due to habitat degradation and hybridization with rainbow trout. Climate change may further threaten cutthroat trout persistence. I explore some of the challenges and opportunities in cutthroat trout conservation through examples from research conducted in the North Fork Shoshone and Upper Snake watersheds. Cutthroat trout conservation will benefit from emerging tools and partnerships, in addition to the species’ innate ability to adapt and persist.